原文鏈接：Stack Overflow Architecture Update - Now At 95 Million Page Views A Month

編譯/博客園

Stack Overflow網(wǎng)址：http://stackoverflow.com/

當(dāng)前訪問量：每月9500PV（每天300多萬PV）

當(dāng)前Alexa排名：149

所用.NET技術(shù)：C#、Visual Studio 2010 Team Suite、ASP.NET 4、ASP.NET MVC 3、Razor、LINQ to SQL+raw SQL

下面是英文原文：

A lot has happened since my first article on the Stack Overflow Architecture(2009-8-5). Contrary to the theme of that last article, which lavished attention on Stack Overflow's dedication to a scale-up strategy, Stack Overflow has both grown up and out in the last few years.

自從2009年8月發(fā)布了第一篇關(guān)于“Stack Overflow 架構(gòu)”方面的文章，Stack Overflow已經(jīng)發(fā)生了很大的變化。那篇文章更多關(guān)注的是Stack Overflow如何解決網(wǎng)站的擴(kuò)展性(scale-up)問題，而經(jīng)過幾年的發(fā)展，Stack Overflow已經(jīng)長大成人，成長為了大型網(wǎng)站。

Stack Overflow has grown up by more then doubling in size to over 16 million users and multiplying its number of page views nearly 6 times to 95 million page views a month.  

現(xiàn)在與2009年相比，Stack Overflow每月獨立訪問用戶翻了一倍，超過1600萬；每月PV翻了近6倍，達(dá)到9500萬。

Stack Overflow has grown out by expanding into the Stack Exchange NETwork, which includes Stack Overflow, Server Fault, and Super User for a grand total of 43 different sites. That's a lot of fruitful multiplying going on.

Stack Overflow新增了很多站點，比如Server Fault, Super User等，共有43個不同站點組成了Stack Exchange NETwork，可謂碩果累累，迅猛增長。

What hasn't changed is Stack Overflow's openness about what they are doing. And that's what prompted this update. A recent series of posts talks a lot about how they've been handling their growth: Stack Exchange’s Architecture in Bullet Points, Stack Overflow’s New York Data Center, Designing For Scalability of Management and Fault Tolerance, Stack Overflow Search — Now 81% Less, Stack Overflow NETwork Configuration, Does StackOverflow use caching and if so, how?, Which tools and technologies build the Stack Exchange NETwork?.

Stack Overflow的變化翻天覆地，而不變的是他們開放的心態(tài)，所以才有了這篇架構(gòu)分享的文章。最近，他們寫了一系列文章分享他們?nèi)绾螒?yīng)對這樣的快速增長。

Some of the more obvious differences across time are:
穿越時空，我們來看看有哪些明顯的變化？

• Just More. More users, more page views, more datacenters, more sites, more developers, more operating systems, more databases, more machines. Just a lot more of more.
  更多：更多的用戶，更多的PV，更多的數(shù)據(jù)中心，更多的站點，更多的開發(fā)者，更多的操作系統(tǒng)，更多的數(shù)據(jù)庫，更多的服務(wù)器...
• Linux. Stack Overflow was known for their Windows stack, now they are using a lot more Linux machines for HAProxy, Redis, Bacula, Nagios, logs, and routers. All support functions seem to be handled by Linux, which has required the development of parallel release processes.
  Linux：Stack Overflow因使用Windows系統(tǒng)而著稱，現(xiàn)在他們使用越來越多的Linux服務(wù)器，比如HAProxy(負(fù)載均衡), Redis(NoSQL數(shù)據(jù)庫), Bacula(數(shù)據(jù)備份系統(tǒng)), Nagios(遠(yuǎn)程監(jiān)控軟件), 日志, 路由器都運行于Linux系統(tǒng)，幾乎所有需要并行處理的功能都是由Linux處理(這句話的翻譯可能不準(zhǔn)確)。
• Fault Tolerance. Stack Overflow is now being served by two different switches on two different interNET connections, they've added redundant machines, and some functions have moved to a second datacenter.
  容錯：Stack Overflow使用了兩條不同的互聯(lián)網(wǎng)線路，增加了更多的冗余服務(wù)器，將一些網(wǎng)站服務(wù)運行于第二個數(shù)據(jù)中心。
• NoSQL. Redis is now used as a caching layer for the entire NETwork. There wasn't a separate caching tier before so this a big change, as is using a NoSQL database on Linux.
  NoSQL：Redis作為整個網(wǎng)站的緩存層。這是一個巨大的改變，以前并沒有將緩存作為一個獨立的層分離出來。Redis運行于Linux。

Unfortunately, I couldn't find any coverage on some of the open questions I had last time, like how they were going to deal with multi-tenancy across so many diffrent properties, but there's still plenty to learn from. Here's a roll up a few different sources:

遺憾的是，一些我關(guān)注的問題并沒有從中找到答案，比如面對這么多不同的系統(tǒng)，如何解決多租戶的問題（Multi-tenancy 是一種軟件體系結(jié)構(gòu)，在這種體系結(jié)構(gòu)中軟件運行在 software as a service 服務(wù)商的服務(wù)器上，服務(wù)于多個客戶組織即 tenant）。但是，從中我們依然可以學(xué)到很多。下面是收集的一些數(shù)據(jù)列表：

The Stats

• 95 Million Page Views a Month
• 800 HTTP requests a second
• 180 DNS requests a second
• 55 Megabits per second
• 16 Million Users  - Traffic to Stack Overflow grew 131% in 2010, to 16.6 million global monthly uniques. 

Data Centers

• 1 Rack with Peak InterNET in OR (Hosts our chat and Data Explorer)
• 2 Racks with Peer 1 in NY (Hosts the rest of the Stack Exchange NETwork)

Hardware

• 10 Dell R610 IIS web servers (3 dedicated to Stack Overflow):
  • 1x Intel Xeon Processor E5640 @ 2.66 GHz Quad Core with 8 threads
  • 16 GB RAM
  • Windows Server 2008 R2

• 2 Dell R710 database servers:
  • 2x Intel Xeon Processor X5680 @ 3.33 GHz
  • 64 GB RAM
  • 8 spindles
  • SQL Server 2008 R2

• 2 Dell R610 HAProxy servers:
  • 1x Intel Xeon Processor E5640 @ 2.66 GHz
  • 4 GB RAM
  • Ubuntu Server

• 2 Dell R610 Redis servers:
  • 2x Intel Xeon Processor E5640 @ 2.66 GHz
  • 16 GB RAM
  • CentOS

• 1 Dell R610 Linux backup server running Bacula:
  • 1x Intel Xeon Processor E5640 @ 2.66 GHz
  • 32 GB RAM

• 1 Dell R610 Linux management server for Nagios and logs:
  • 1x Intel Xeon Processor E5640 @ 2.66 GHz
  • 32 GB RAM

• 2 Dell R610 VMWare ESXi domain controllers:
  • 1x Intel Xeon Processor E5640 @ 2.66 GHz
  • 16 GB RAM

• 2 Linux routers
• 5 Dell Power Connect switches

Dev Tools

• C#: Language
• Visual Studio 2010 Team Suite: IDE
• Microsoft ASP.NET (version 4.0): Framework
• ASP.NET MVC 3: Web Framework
• Razor: View Engine
• jQuery 1.4.2: Browser Framework:
• LINQ to SQL, some raw SQL: Data Access Layer
• Mercurial and Kiln: Source Control（分布式版本控制系統(tǒng)）
• Beyond Compare 3: Compare Tool（文件比較工具）

Software and Technologies Used

• Stack Overflow uses a WISC stack via BizSpark
• Windows Server 2008 R2 x64: Operating System
• SQL Server 2008 R2 running Microsoft Windows Server 2008 Enterprise Edition x64: Database
• Ubuntu Server
• CentOS
• IIS 7.0: Web Server
• HAProxy: for load balancing（高性能的負(fù)載TCP/HTTP均衡器）
• Redis: used as the distributed caching layer.（作為分布式緩存層的NoSQL數(shù)據(jù)庫）
• CruiseControl.NET: for builds and automated deployment（.NET平臺的持續(xù)集成工具）
• Lucene.NET:  for search
• Bacula: for backups（開源的數(shù)據(jù)備份系統(tǒng)）
• Nagios: (with n2rrd and drraw plugins) for monitoring（監(jiān)視系統(tǒng)運行狀態(tài)和網(wǎng)絡(luò)信息的遠(yuǎn)程監(jiān)控軟件）
• Splunk: for logs（日志分析工具）
• SQL Monitor: from Red Gate - for SQL Server monitoring
• Bind: for DNS
• Rovio:  a little robot (a real robot) allowing remote developers to visit the office “virtually.”
• Pingdom:  an external monitor and alert service.（網(wǎng)站監(jiān)控服務(wù)及網(wǎng)站速度測試工具）

External Bits

Code that is not included as part of the development tools:

• reCAPTCHA（用于驗證碼驗證，已被Google收購）
• DotNETOpenId（.NET 平臺上的 OpenID 實現(xiàn)方案）
• WMD - Now developed as open source. See github NETwork graph （輕量級所見即所得編輯器）
• Prettify（代碼高亮顯示）
• Google Analytics
• Cruise Control .NET
• HAProxy（負(fù)載均衡）
• Cacti（網(wǎng)絡(luò)流量監(jiān)測圖形分析工具）
• MarkdownSharp（Markdown文本處理器的C#實現(xiàn)）
• Flot（基于JQuery的純JavaScript實現(xiàn)的繪圖庫）
• Nginx（反向代理服務(wù)器）
• Kiln（分布式版本控制系統(tǒng)）
• CDN: none, all static content is served off the sstatic.NET, which is a fast, cookieless domain intended for static content delivered to the Stack Exchange family of websites.
  （沒有使用CDN，用一個專門的域名sstatic.NET傳遞所有的靜態(tài)內(nèi)容）

Developers and System Administrators

• 14 Developers
• 2 System Administrators

Content

• License: Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 2.5 Generic
• Standards: OpenSearch, Atom
• Host: PEAK InterNET

NET技術(shù)：基于.NET的大型Web站點StackOverflow架構(gòu)分析，轉(zhuǎn)載需保留來源！

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